Impembelelo yokuthambisa kwisakhiwo kunye neepropathi zerabha

Impembelelo yobukumkani kwisakhiwo kunye neepropathi zerabha:

I-Vulcalization linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kweemveliso zerabha, yinkqubo yokuguqula imeko yecandelo lecandelo, ukunyangeka kobume, ukunyangeka kobushushu, ukuphucula ixabiso kunye noluhlu lwesicelo kunye noluhlu lwemveliso kunye noluhlu lwemveliso kunye noluhlu lwemveliso kunye noluhlu lwemveliso kunye noluhlu lwemveliso kunye noluhlu lwemveliso.

Ulwakhiwo kunye neepropathi zerabha zitshintsha iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi nasemva kokuvuselelwa. Iimolekyuli zerabha phambi kokuba i-valcali isakhiwo somgca kunye neVer der imikhosi esenza izinto eziphakathi kubo, ezibonisa iplasitiki elungileyo kunye ne-sloqation, kunye nokungasebenzi. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuziqhelanisa, iimolekyuli zibangelwa kwaye zenza i-reactions egqwesileyo, zenza ubume benethiwekhi apho iimolekyuli zibotshwe ngamaqhina emichiza.

Ulwakhiwo kunye neepropathi zerabha ye-raberiber ikakhulu zibandakanya:

Ulwakhiwo: Iibhondi zekhemikhali, isikhundla seBonds-Light-Light-Conds

Intsebenzo: Iipropathi zoomatshini (amandla ombane rhoqo, ubukhali, ubugqwirha, i-elongile, i-elastity), izithixo ezibonakalayo, uzinzo lwamachiza

Inkqubo yobuqhetseba inokutshintsha kakhulu iipropathi zerabha. Ukuthatha irabha yendalo njengomzekelo, njengoko inqanaba levumba elinyukayo:

Utshintsho kwiiPropathi zoMatshini: Ukunyuka kwamandla, amandla amanye, amanye amandla, amandla e-therile, amandla okuthoba, ukuncipha, kunye nokukhathazeka okusisigxina, kunye nokusweleka kwesizukulwana esishushu

Utshintsho kwiipropathi zomzimba: Umoya oguqukayo kunye nokungachithi kwamanzi kuyancipha, kunokungcungcutheka, ukuzinza kobushushu kuyaphucuka, ukuzimela kwamachiza, ukwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuphendula. Isakhiwo senethiwekhi sithintela ukungafani kweemolekyuli ezisezantsi, zenza kube nzima kwirabha yasimahla yerabha.

Iimeko zobuqhetseba, kubandakanya uxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nexesha, zezona zinto ziphambili ezimisela iziphumo zokungaqhelekanga. Ingcinezelo yobuqhetseba inefuthe elibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni amaqamza kwizinto zerabha, ukuphucula ukungcola kwezinto zerabha, kunye nokuzalisa ukubumba kunye nezinto zerabha. Ingaphucula i-adhesion phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo (ungqimba lwerabha kunye nomaleko welaphu okanye i-theith yentsimbi kunye ne-bieth fall) kwimveliso yerabha).

Iqondo lobushushu lobuqili yimeko ejolise kuyo yokuphendula okuvuselelwa komhlaba, nto leyo enokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isantya sokuziqhelanisa, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nezibonelelo zoqoqosho zeshishini. Ukuphakamisa amaqondo obushushu okulinganisa kunokukhawulezisa isantya senkcazelo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso, kodwa ukugcwala okungaphezulu kwemveliso kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezinjengezixhobo zerabha zerabha, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezinto ezincitshisiweyo. Inokuthintela nangexesha lokutshayela kwezixhobo zerabha, zibangela ukunqongophala kwerabha yendawo yokuhlala kunye nokungalingani kweemveliso ezingalinganiyo. Ke ngoko, ukukhetha ubushushu obungaqhelekanga kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto ezifana nodidi lwerabha, inkqubo yokuziqhelanisa ne-golccanization, kunye nesakhiwo semveliso.

Ukufumanisa iimeko zokungaqhelekanga - kubandakanya uxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nexesha - yinkqubo entsonkothileyo efuna ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kwezinto ezininzi.

Ingcinezelo yoxinzelelo lweVulcali Ngokubanzi, ukhetho loxinzelelo ikakhulu lumiselwa ikakhulu bubume, ubungakanani, kunye nobunzima beemveliso zerabha. Olona xinzelelo, olungcono ulwelo lwerabha, enokugcwalisa ngcono ukubumba. Kwangelo xesha, uxinzelelo oluphezulu lunokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo isizukulwana seebhubhu kwaye uphucule ukungcola kwemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lunokukhokelela ekuhambeni kakhulu kwezinto zerabha, kubangela ukungalungisi kubume bemveliso.

Iqondo lokushisa le-Sulfurric: Ubushushu bevumba lokulinganisa luchaphazela ngqo isantya kunye nomgangatho wendlela yokuphendula yobuqhetseba. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukhawuleze ukuphendula okuphambili, kodwa kunokubangela ukwaphuka kwemixokelelwane yerabha yeemolekyuli, echaphazela iipropathi zemveliso. Iqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo lokulinganisa linokuqinisekisa isantya esihle sokungaqhelekanga ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo obalulekileyo werabha.

Ixesha le-Ilffirricy: Ixesha lokunyangwa linxulumene ngokuthe ngqo neqondo lokushisa. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokufuna amaxesha amafutshane, kunye ne-vice. Ngokubanzi, ukhetho lwexesha lokuziqhelanisa kufuneka luqwalasele uhlobo lwezinto zerabha, ubushushu bevumba lokuzalwa, kunye nobungqingqwa bemveliso. Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuziqhelanisa ngokumiselweyo ngokumiselweyo ngovavanyo lokwamkelwa, kunokuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zerabha zifezekise iipropathi zoomatshini kunye nokuxhathisa ukwaluphala.

Ngokubanzi, ukumisela iimeko zokuhlelwa yinkqubo efuna ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ubume bemveliso, imfuneko yemveliso yokuphucula iimeko zokuhlelwa kwemveliso.